Constructing Parenthood in Non-Biological Same-Sex Households: Negotiation of Care Roles Among Couples in Chile

Abstract

This paper explores how parenthood is constructed, negotiated, and legitimized in non-biological same-sex households in Chile. Through an intersectional analysis of legal frameworks, household dynamics, and social perceptions, the study examines how caregiving roles are formed beyond biology and within evolving institutional and cultural constraints. It investigates the multiple pathways through which same-sex couples—especially those without biological ties—become parents, including adoption, assisted reproduction, and informal co-parenting arrangements. Attention is paid to how caregiving labor is divided, how “primary” and “secondary” parental identities emerge, and how external institutions such as schools and healthcare systems reinforce or disrupt internal family roles. Despite recent legal advances, such as the 2022 legalization of same-sex marriage and joint adoption, social stigma, legal gaps, and cultural resistance continue to shape parenting experiences. The paper concludes by proposing inclusive policy measures and cultural strategies that recognize diverse family forms, support intentional caregiving, and expand the notion of legitimate parenthood in Chilean society.