From Qi to the Ultimate Pursuit — The Similarities and Differences Between Zhuangzi and Mencius

Abstract

In ancient China, qi 氣 is an important philosophical proposition. Zhuangzi believed that qi is a substance that fills the universe and is in constant motion, unbound by any constraints. In contrast, Mencius leaned more towards the moral implications of qi in his explanations. Both Zhuangzi and Mencius derived the concept of xing性in accordance with their respective understanding of qi, discussing the ultimate pursuits of life. Zhuangzi emphasized the pursuit that is internalized within the heart, advocating that individuals align with nature and seek inner freedom, whereas Mencius advocated an externalized approach through benevolence and righteousness, participating in politics to achieve a harmony between the individual and society. These two pursuits reflect their unique understandings of human nature and society, which still hold profound relevance in contemporary times.