Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Urban Heat Island Intensity on Air Conditioning Energy Consumption in São Paulo

Abstract

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect significantly impacts energy consumption in urban areas, particularly for cooling systems. This study investigates the relationship between UHI intensity and cooling energy demand in São Paulo, Brazil, using temperature data collected from urban and rural meteorological stations. Results show that nighttime UHI intensity peaks at 6–8°C, driven by the delayed release of stored heat from urban infrastructure. This temperature increase leads to a substantial rise in air conditioning energy consumption, with demand growing by over 25% compared to rural baseline conditions. The findings highlight the critical role of nighttime UHI effects in driving energy consumption and emphasize the need for mitigation strategies, such as increasing urban vegetation, implementing reflective materials, and improving building insulation. Addressing UHI effects can alleviate energy demand, reduce environmental stress, and promote sustainable urban development.